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Sperry Rand Corporation, Engineering Research Associates (ERA) Division records

Creation: 1949-1965
 Collection
Accession: 2015
Author:
Michael H. Nash, 1994
Description rules:
Describing Archives: A Content Standard
Language of description:
English
Script of description:
Latin
Dates:
Creation: 1949-1965
Creator:
Sperry Rand (Corporation). Engineering Research Associates Division (Organization)
Extent:
18 Linear Feet
Language of Materials:
English
Repository:
Hagley Museum and Library, Manuscripts and Archives

Abstract:

Engineering Research Associates (ERA) origins can be traced to the classified World War II-era Navy project to break the German secret codes by using electronic data processing. After the war, ERA became a private sector company that did pioneering work in computer development. In 1952, it was purchased by Remington Rand. The records include the correspondence of ERA's founding engineers including William Norris and Arnold Cohen. Also included is business and technical correspondence, legal records, patents, and oral histories.



Historical Note

Engineering Research Associates' (ERA) origins can be traced to a classified World War II era Navy project which recruited highly skilled cryptologists, mathematicians, engineers, and physicists to break German and Japanese codes in order to pinpoint the movements of their ships. These tasks required the use of computing devices that could calculate data at ever increasing speeds. This led to an effort to investigate electronic solutions to cryptologic problems.

The work of this group was coordinated by Commander Howard T. Engstrom, who before the war had been a professor of mathematics at Yale University; and Lt. Commander William C. Norris, former sales manager for Westinghouse. After the war, the Navy made an effort to keep this team together and offered several members civil service appointments. However, Engstrom and Norris preferred to go into business for themselves. In the fall of 1945, they began searching for financial backing, but this proved to be difficult because they were unable to discuss their classified projects with potential investors. Finally, John Parker, a Wall Street investment banker and former head of Northwestern Aeronautical Corporation, provided the necessary capital. In January 1946, Engineering Research Associates was formed in Minneapolis, Minnesota, where John Parker was based.

In the fall of 1946, ERA received its first major contract from the Office of Naval Research to compile a report on “High Speed Computing Devices”. This report, which became the definitive study of the infant state of computing, was later published in book form by McGraw Hill. During this project, ERA personnel was given access to classified government reports and worked with computer pioneers John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, inventors of the ENIAC, and John von Neumann, of Princeton University's Institute for Advanced Study.

ERA was dependent on government funded cost-plus--fixed-fee contracts. In August 1947, it began work for the Navy on Task 13 - a project to design a general all-purpose stored-program computer. During this project ERA developed the first magnetic storage drum; the technology upon which the next two generations of computers was based. In October, 1950, ERA completed work on the Atlas computer - America's first electronic stored-program computer. The Atlas with its 2,700 vacuum tubes was capable of running twenty-four hours a day with only 10% of the time allotted for maintenance.

ERA hoped to establish a niche in the private sector. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, it worked with TWA to develop an automated airline reservation system. It also had a number of contracts with Prudential Insurance Company. However, the Navy was its primary customer. This left it vulnerable to Washington politics. Even though it was recognized as the most advanced computer company in the world, Drew Pearson's 1951 column in the “Washington Merry Go Round” charged Norris and Engstrom had used war time government connections to advance their private business. Pearson charged that ERA's Navy contracts represented a clear conflict of interest and were not subjected to competitive bidding. By 1952, under considerable political pressure, ERA merged with the Remington Rand Corporation. At first it operated as a semi-autonomous division, but after the 1955 Sperry merger, it was consolidated with the Eckert-Mauchly division of Sperry Rand and became part of Sperry-UNIVAC. William Norris never found this to be a satisfactory relationship. In 1957, Norris left Sperry to establish the Control Data Corporation. Later that year, the ERA people who remained were given a good deal more autonomy when Sperry created its St. Paul Research Division led by Sidney Rubens and Arnold Cohen. This division's primary job was to develop computer systems for the military and it played a crucial role in developing the command and control systems for the U. S.'s International Continental Ballistic Missiles and early space satellites. In 1960, what was left of the ERA group became Sperrys' Military Division, which was renamed the Aerospace Division. Accession 1952 - archives of the Aerospace Division - contains records from these periods.

Scope and Content

The ERA records include correspondence, technical reports and memoranda, minutes of the administrative, manufacturing, planning and engineering committees which describe work on the LARC, ERA 1101 and 1103, the Rapid Selector, and the bore hole camera. There are also records documenting ERA's involvement with the U.S. missle and rocketry programs of the late 1950s. ERA's successful effort to build airborne computers for the Jupiter and Sparrow programs are described.

Other projects described include ERA's Rapid Selector, airline reservation system, and high speed printer. There are several reports which document some of the early work that was done with transistors and efforts to incorporate this into the computers that were being developed during the late 1950s.

The records make it clear that much of ERA's research and development work was focused on the problem of magnetic core storage. There was an attempt to coordinate these activities with the work being done at the Philadelphia research laboratory (Eckert-Mauchly division) and the Norwalk, Ct., laboratory. However, William Norris' correspondence shows that there was a good deal of competition between the Eckert-Mauchly and ERA people which inhibited progress on many projects.

Related Material

Sperry-Univac records (Accession 1825), Manuscripts and Archives Department, Hagley Museum and Library

Separated Material

Engineering Research Associates photographs (Accession 2006.202), Audiovisual Collections & Digital Initiatives, Hagley Museum and Library




Series Descriptions and Inventory

William Norris papers

 Series
Accession: 2015-I.

Administrative Records, 1953-1957

 Sub-Series
Accession: 2015-I.-A.

Administrative records includes memoranda from the Research Division, Engineering Department, Operations Division, Manufacturing Division, Product Planning Committee and Patent Department. These records describe the relationship between ERA and Sperry Rand. They focus on administrative issues - corporate organization, strategic planning, personnel policy, research priorities, allocation of resources, and fiscal accountability. There are several files which describe the relationship between the ERA and Eckert-Mauchly divisions and documents the ways in which work was allocated to allow ERA to focus on military and Eckert-Mauchly to focus on civilian projects.

General Correspondence

 Sub-Series
Accession: 2015-I.-B.

General correspondence documents major projects and contracts. These files describe work on the magnetic storage drum and the ERA 1101 and 1103 computer systems. The records document ERA's contracts with the Bureau of Ships, Atomic Energy Commission, the National Bureau of Standards, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. There are also files on competitive systems (mostly IBM), sales and marketing records, contracts and correspondence - documenting efforts to market the UNIVAC I and II. Software development files include correspondence of Admiral Grace Hopper.

Arrangement

Arranged alphabetically.

(includes proceedings of first meeting, Aberdeen, MD, 1947)

Arnold Cohen papers

 Series
Accession: 2015-II.

Arnold Cohen's papers focus on Research & Development. There is considerable information on the development of magnetic storage and ERA's contracts with the Office of Naval Research for the building of the Atlas Computer. There are also files describing the relationship between ERA and M.I.T.'s Servomechanism Laboratory, and the Lawrence Livermore Radiation Laboratory. The latter describe the LARC computer project. Records documenting the 1947 symposium at Harvard University on “Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery” describe early efforts to develop airline reservation systems and to automate procedures at Prudential Insurance Company.

General Files

 Sub-Series — Box: 9
Accession: 2015-II.-A.

Files - re: Development of Magnetic Storage

 Sub-Series — Box: 9
Accession: 2015-II.-B.

Research Reports - Arnold Cohen files

 Sub-Series — Box: 11
Accession: 2015-II.-C.

Legal records

 Series
Accession: 2015-III.

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the questions of who developed the first electronic digital computer and the first magnetic storage drum were the focus of a number of Patent infringement lawsuits. Honeywell v. Sperry, Technitrol v. Sperry Rand, and Sperry Rand v. Control Data revolved around these questions. These files include copies of briefs, trial transcripts, and exhibits.

Oral History, 1978

 Series — Box: 21
Accession: 2015-IV.

Contains transcripts of oral history interviews which were done for Sperry Rand's unpublished 1978 history book. Of particular interest are the interviews with Arnold Cohen and Sidney Rubens.